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Kiao-Chow  as  a Spoil  of 
the  World  War 


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CHINA  SOCIETY 

i506  FIFTH  AV.,  IM.  Y.  CITY 


Published  by 

The  Eastanian  and 

The, Chinese  Citizens’  Alliance  in  Michigan 


KIAO-CHOW  AS  A SPOIL  OF 
THE  WORLD  WAR 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2017  with  funding  from 
Columbia  University  Libraries 


https://archive.org/details/kiaochowasspoilOOIeey 


KIAO-CHOW  AS  A SPOIL  01 
THE  WORLD  WAR 


BY 


YING  LAM  LEE 

The  Secretary  of  the  Eastanian 


November,  1919 


PRESS  OF 

THE  NEWS  PRINTING  CO. 
OBERUN,  OHIO 


Outlines 


1.  The  Settlement  of  the  Kiao-Chow  Question  by  the  Peach 
Conference  Has  Great  Significance  to  the  World. 

2.  Geography  of  Shangtung. 

3.  Germany-’s  Occupation  of  Kiao-Chow. 

4.  Japan^s  Occupation  of  Kiao-Chow. 

5.  How  Japan  Paved  Her  Way  to  the  Pe.^ce  Conference. 

6.  Japan-’s  Victory  at  the  Peace  Conference. 

7.  The  ‘^‘Returning^^  of  Kiao-Chow  to  China  by  Japan. 

8.  Kiao-Chow  and  Other  German  Interests  in  Shangtung  Should 

Be  Restored  to  China  Unconditionally  by  the  Peace  Confer- 
ence. 

9.  What  the  Recent  History  of  Manchuria  Has  Taught  Us. 

10.  Japan^s  ‘^‘Friendly'’-’  Attitude  and  Policy  Towards  China. 

11.  Problems  Between  China  and  Jap^n  as  a Challenge  to  the 
World. 


RAILWAY?  IN  CHINA 

ISI0 

COmTR.U&VED 
CftPfTRA&'VCB  FOR  •••«•♦■• 
JAPANB-SE  OWMEO  caffizaowt 
OApANESE  AAXYKJIXW 

Ssa.3&ikM^ 


Kiao-Chow  as  a Spoil  of  the  World  War 


1.  The  Settlement  op  the  Kiao-Chow  Question  by  the  Peace  Con- 
ference Has  Great  Significance  to  the  World. 

The  world  war  is  over.  The  Peace  Treaty  has  been  signed.  The 
League  of  Nations  is  going  to  exist.  Many  people  have  propliesied  that 
the  world  will  be  free  forever  from  war.  In  view  of  the  terrible  death, 
the  tremendous  financial  burden,  the  great  material  loss  and  other  nn- 
seen  sufferings  as  results  of  the  last  war,  upou  the  warring  nations, 
people  for  years  to  come  will  not  want  to  think  of  war  any  more.  On 
the  other  hand  many  people  are  still  questioning  whether  the  recent 
Peace  Treaty  has  increased  international  good  will  and  decreased  na- 
tional selfishness,  or  has  created  more  liatred  among  nations.  Are  the 
strong  nations  not  free  now  to  wrong  the  weak  nations,  as  the  result  of 
the  Peace  Treaty,  which  was  said  to  adopt  Wilson’s  fourteen  points  as 
its  base?  It  seems  so  to  China,  which  represents  one-fonrth  of  the 
Avorld’s  population.  Kiao-Ciiow,  with  other  German  interests  in  Shang- 
tung,  has  been  given  to  Japan  by  the  Peace  Conference  or  rather  by 
the  “Big  Three.”  It  is  very  unjust  to  China.  Many  thinking  people 
have  predicted  that  this  action  of  tlie  Peace  Conference  will  lead  to  a 
great  war  in  the  Far  East,  unless  the  injustice  is  corrected.  As  Pro- 
fessor Jeuks  of  the  University  of  New  York  says,  “The  award  seems 
contrary  to  the  principles  of  right  and  justice,  so  contrary  that  unless 
some  factors  enter  that  do  not  appear,  the  decision  is  almost  certain  to 
bring  about  war  in  the  Far  East,  and  in  that  war  the  United  States 
would  almost  certainly  be  involved.” 

It  will  be  a war  as  a result  of  rivalry  among  imperialistic  nations 
over  their  interests  in  China.  It  is  not  a war  between  the  Yellow  race 
on  the  one  side  and  the  White  race  on  the  otlier,  as  some  people  think, 
that  Japan  will  dominate  all  Asiatic  nations  and  try  to  keep  away  the 
white  people  from  Asia,  which  then  leads  to  war.  It  is  strongly 
against  the  will  of  the  Chinese  people  to  have  China  dominated  by 
Japan.  If  such  a war  would  ever  come  at  all,  it  would  never  benefit 
China.  China  does  not  want  to  see  its  coming. 

The  great  wave  of  World  Democracy  is  marching  on.  The  Imper- 
ialism of  this  world  has  to  give  way  sooner  or  later,  through  peace  or 


■—7— 


war.  If  there  will  be  no  war  among  the  imperialistic  nations,  there 
may  be  a war  between  imperialism  and  democracy.  Will  then  the 
democratic  nations  of  this  world  not  take  part  to  aid  in  the  crushing 
of  imperialism?  Senator  Lodge  says,  “England  stood  by  and  saw  Ger- 
many take  away  from  Denmark,  Schleswig-Holstein ; she  stood  by  and 
saw  Germany  destroy  Austria  and  make  it  practically  a vassel  state; 
she  stood  by  and  saw  Germany  wreck  France  in  1870;  she  gave  Ger- 
many the  island  of  Helgoland,  and  she  has  been  paying  the  bills  for 
those  awful  mistakes  in  the  last  four  terrible  years.  She  has  done  it 
nobly,  splendidly,  biit  at  a terrible  cost.”  ^ Shall  the  democratic  nations 
of  today  follow  England’s  policy  in  dealing  with  . “ the  Germany  of 
Asia  ?” 


2.  Geography  of  Shangtung. 

In  order  to  realize  the  significance  of  the  Kiao-Chow  question,  one 
must  know  the  geography  of  Shangtung  Province,  where  Kiao-Chow, 
the  German-leased  territory,  is  situated.  Tsingtao  is  a sea  port  in 
Kiao-Chow.  Japan’s  ambition  is  not  merely  on  Tsingtao  or  Kiao-Chow, 
but  the  whole  province  of  Shangtung.  Shangtung  is  one  of  the  most 
important  provinces  of  China.  She  and  Manchuria,  now  under  Jap- 
anese domination,  entrench  on  both  sides  of  the  Gulf  of  Pe  Chi  Li,  the 
water  outlet  of  the  capital  of  China,  Peking.  She  controls  the  outlet 
of  the  Yellow  River,  which  runs  down  from  the  internal  part  of 
northern  China.  She  has  the  longest  sea  coast  in  China.  The 
area  of  Shangtung  is  65,970  square  miles,  with  a population 
of  38,247,900.  It  is  the  most  densely  populated  province  in  the 
world.  Belgium  herself  had  only  about  350  persons  per  square  mile 
before  the  war.  Shangtung  furnishes  strong  laborers,  the  best  soldiers 
and  industrious  farmers.  The  Chinese  labor  battalion  in  France  is 
composed  mostly  of  men  from  this  province. 

Shangtung  is  one  of  the  oldest  provinces  in  China. , She  has  a long 
history  of  her  own.  She  is  China’s  holy  land,  packed  with  memories  of 
Confucius  and  Mencius,  great  sages  of  China.  It  is  the  cradle  of 
Chinese  civilization. 

3.  Germany’s  Occupation  op  Kiao-Chow. 

During  the  Chino- Japanese  war  in  1894-5  China  was  brought  down 
on  her  knees  before  the  Island  Empire.  China  could  not  stand  any 
more  war.  The  world  powers  knew  her  weakness  and  were  coming 
after  her.  In  1898  Germany  started  in  first  and  took  Kiao-Chow. 
France  followed  and  took  Kwang-Chow-Wan.  After  that  Liao-Tung 
peninsula  with  Port  Arthur  and  Dairen  went  to  Russia  and  Wei-Hai- 


—8— 


Wei  to  England.  They  were  all  leased  territories  under  different 
terms. 

The  case  of  Kiao-Chow  was  due  to  the  killing  of  two  Grerinan  Cath- 
olic missionaries  by  the  native  Chinese  in  Shangtung.  German  war- 
ships were  sent  to  the  Bay  of  Kiao-Chow  and  opened  fire,  landed  troops, 
occupied  the  territory.  It  was  an  act  of  aggression  — a distinguished 
characteristic  of  Prussian  militarism. 

The  important  feature  of  the  convention  between  China  and  Ger- 
many may  be  outlined  as  follows : ^ 

A.  “Both  sides  of  the  entrance  of  the  Bay  of  Kiao-Chow  with  the 
island  of  Chiposan,  and  Potato  Island,  and  ‘all  islands  lying  seav/ard 
from  Kiao-Chow  Bay  which  may  be  of  importance  for  its  defense,’  an 
area  of  some  400  sq.  mi.  in  all,  to  be  leased  to  Germany  for  99  years. 

B.  “By  Art.  1 of  Section  2,  Germany  was  sanctioned  to  build  two 
railways.  Art.  2 of  the  same  section  provided  for  a Chino-German 
Railway  Co.,  ‘and  in  this  company  both  German  and  Chinese  subjects 
shall  be  at  liberty  to  invest  money  as  they  so  choose,  and  appoint 
directors  for  the  management  of  the  undertaking.’ 

C.  “Art.  3 of  the  same  section  provided,  ‘The  Chinese  Government 
will  allow  German  subjects  to  hold  and  develop  mining  property  for 
a distance  of  30  li  (one  li  is  approximately  1-3  of  a mile)  from  the 
side  of  these  railways  and  along  the  whole  extent  of  the  lines.’ 
Chinese  capital  may  be  invested  in  these  operations. 

D.  “Art.  4 of  the  same  section  provided  that  ‘The  Chinese  Govern- 
ment binds  itself  in  all  cases  where  foreign  assistance  in  persons, 
capital,  or  material  may  be  needed  for  any  purpose  whatever 
within  the  province  of  Shantung  to  offer  the  said  work  or  supplying 
materials  in  the  first  instance  to  German  manufacturers  and  mer- 
chants engaged  in  undertakings  of  the  kind  in  question.’’ 

Besides  what  have  been  mentioned  above,  a neutral  zone  was  estab- 
lished in  thg  immediate  hinterland  involving  some  2,500  square  miles. 
Twenty  per  cent,  of  the  duties  collected  by  the  Chinese  Custom  House 
at  Tsingtao  was  contributed  toward  the  local  administrative  expenses 
of  Tsingtao. 

The  German  government  decided  to  build  up  Tsingtao  into  a 
modern  commercial  and  naval  port.  She  spent  an  average  of  14,000,- 
000  Marks  per  year  for  the  administration  of  Tsingtao.  Modern  roads, 
huge  floating  docks,  substantial  breakwater  granite  docks,  warehouses, 
factories,  machine  shops,  schools  and  military  departments  gradually 
sprang  up.  At  the  same  time  several  cities  in  Shangtung  were  volun- 
tarily opened  up  by  the  Chinese  government  for  commercial  posts. 

The  population  was  in  1913,  at  Tsingtao,  60,500 ; in  the  Leased  Ter- 
ritory, 192,000;  in  the  Zone,  1,200,000.  Of  these  only  4,470  were  Euro- 
peans, 3,806  being  Germans;  this  figure  including  both  civilians  and 
soldiers.^  No  doubt  the  German  occupation  of  Kiao-Chow  was  a result 
of  imperialism  and  militarism,  yet  she  never  went  so  far,  in  violating 


—9— 


the  sovereignty  of  China,  as  Japan  has  done  since  she  came  into  Shang- 
tung. 

4.  Japan^s  Occupation  of  Kiao-Chow. 

When  the  world  war  broke  out  in  Europe,  August,  1914,  Japan,  in 
the  name  of  a British  ally  with  a selfish  and  aggressive  purpose,  sent  an 
ultimatum  to  Germany,  demanding  her  to  withdraw  all  her  armed 
forces  from  the  Japanese  and  Chinese  waters,  and  to  hand  over  the 
entire  leased  territory  of  Kiao-Chow  to  the  Japanese  authorities  with- 
out condition  or  compensation,  not  later  than  September  15,  with  a 
view  to  restoring  the  same  to  China.  This  ultimatum  was  to  be 
answered  by  the  German  government  not  later  than  noon,  August  23, 
1914.  The  German  government  failed  to  answer.  At  that  time  China 
was  neutral.  On  September  2,  Japanese  troops  were  landed  at  Lung- 
kou  on  the  northern  coast  of  Shangtung,  nearly  one  hundred  miles  away 
from  Kiao-Chow,  from  where  they  marched  overland  to  attack  the 
German  military  base.  Germany  violated  Belgian  nentrality,  and 
Great  Britain  declared  war  on  her.  Here  Japan  was  doing  the  same 
thing  as  Germany  did  in  Belgium.  Chinese  subjects  and  properties 
were  snffering  from  Japanese  troops.  The  Chinese  government  pro- 
tested against  the  action  of  Japan,  bnt  the  Japanese  paid  no  attention. 
Then,  following  the  precedent  set  in  the  Eusso- Japanese  war,  the 
Chinese  government  declared  voluntarily  a war  zone,  where  the  Japan- 
ese had  begnn  to  carry  on  their  operations.  It  was  clear  to  the  Jap- 
anese as  well  as  to  others  that  the  German  military  forces  were  con- 
centrated in  Kiao-Chow.  In  spite  of  this  fact  Japanese  troops  were 
sent  to  Weihsien,  which  was  outside  of  the  war  zone,  and  then  to  Tsin- 
anfu,  the  capital  of  Shangtung,  which  is  256  miles  from  Kiao-Chow. 
As  Professor  S.  K.  Hornbeck  says,  “Observers,  who  were  familiar  with 
the  history  of  Manchuria,  now  began  to  point  out  that  Japan  was  bent 
upon  much  bigger  things  than  merely  the  defense  of  the  interests  of  her 
ally  and  the  peace  of  the  Far  East.”  ^ 

With  the  help  of  a small  British  force,  Japan  captured  Tsingtao  on 
November  7,  which  gave  complete  control  of  the  German  interests  in 
Shangtnng  to  the  allies.  The  whole  campaign  took  about  two  months, 
in  which  about  300  Japanese  soldiers  W'ere  killed.  This  should  be 
compared  with  the  period  of  the  world  war,  which  was  over  four  years, 
and  the  number  of  soldiers  killed  was  7,981,806.  In  return  Japan’s 
gains  in  Shangtung  are  thus  stated  in  the  oflflcial  summary  of  the  peace 
terms : 

“Germany  cedes  to  Japan  all  as'  to  Kiao-Chow  and  the  rail- 
roads, mines,  and  cables  acquired  by  treaty  with  China  of  March 
6,  1898,  and  by  other  agreements  as  to  Shangtung.  All  German 

—10— 


rights  to  the  railroad  from  Tsingtao  to  Tsinanfu,  including  all  facil- 
ities and  mining  rights  and  rights  of  exploitation,  pass  equally  to 
Japan,  and  the  cables  from  Tsingtao  to  Shanghai  and  Chefoo,  the 
cables  free  of  all  charges.  All  German  state  property,  movable  and 
immovable,  in  Kiao-Chow  is  acquired  by  Japan  free  of  all  charges.” 

Since  November,  1914,  Japan  has  gone  farther  in  violating  the  sov- 
ereignty and  integrity  of  China  in  Shangtung  than  Germany  ever  did 
before,  namely,  she  established  civil  and  military  administrations  with 
policing  forces  in  towns  and  cities  along  the  railroad  line  from  Tsing- 
tao to  Tsinanfu  and  secured  full  control  of  the  Chinese  Customs  Admin- 
istration in  Tsingtao.  “ She  will  gradually  create  a railway  enclave  on 
the  Manchurian  model  in  the  heart  of  old  China.  For  along  the  course 
of  such  railways  new  railway  towns  inevitably  spring  up,  bringing  all 
the  complications  which  conflicting  jurisdiction  creates.  In  solving 
such  conflicts  the  stronger  power  first  employs  force;  then,  to  give  its 
authority  a deeper  meaning,  it  sets  up  its  own  courts,  administers  so- 
called  justice,  and  sends  its  police  officers  far  from  the  zone  of  the  rail- 
way to  satisfy  judgments.  This  is  already  what  has  happened  in 
Shangtung,  it  will  happen  wherever  Japanese  railways  go.”  ® Now 
every  Chinese  citizen  in  Shangtung  is  confronted  with  Japanese  in- 
fluence. Thousands  upon  thousands  of  Japanese  have  been  flowing  into 
Shangtung  ever  since  the  capturing  of  Kiao-Chow  by  Japan. 

We  have  heard  too  many  times  that  Japan  claims  to  be  a good 
friend  of  China.  Let  us  see  what  Japan  has  done  to  injure  the  morale 
and  health  of  the  Chinese  people  both  in  Shangtung  and  elsewhere. 
Since  the  coming  of  the  Japanese  into  Shangtung,  they  have  organized 
in  Tsinanfu  alone  194  enterprises,  out  of  which  63  are  drugshops  and 
twenty-two  are  houses  of  prostitution.®  Drug  shops  and  other  miscel- 
laneous and  notion  shops  are  places  where  they  are  engaged  in  mor- 
phia traffic.  This  kind  of  business  is  carried  on  not  only  through  drug 
shops  but  also  through  drug  sellers,  who  penetrate  into  the  heart  of 
China,  and  the  Japanese  Post  Offices,  which  number  more  than  three 
hundred  within  the  territory  of  Cliina.  Japan  is  poisoning  and  weaken- 
ing China  from  her  official  classes  down,  so  as  to  make  her  an  easy 
prey  to  the  aggressor. 

While  the  morphia  traffic  is  going  on,  Japan  is  also  smuggling- 
opium  into  China.  We  can  never  forget  the  noble  deed  of  the  Chinese 
government,  which  burned  up  about  f25,000,000  worth  of  o[)ium  in 
January,  1919,  when  she  was  under  great  financial  difficulty.  On  the 
other  hand  Japan  is  trying  to  injure  China  by  the  morphia  and  opium 
business.  This  is  more  clearly  shown  by  the  following  statements; 

“Although  Japan  is  a signatory  to  the  Agreement,  which  forbids 
the  import  into  China  of  morphia  or  of  any  appliances  used  in  its 
manufacture  or  in  its  application,  the  traffic,  inasmuch  as  it  has 


—11— 


the  financial  support  of  the  Bank  of  Japan  is  carried  on  with  the 
direct  approval  and  encouragement  of  the  Japenese  Government. 

In  no  other  country  in  the  world  has  there  ever  been  known  such  a 
wholesale  contraband  trafidc.  Literally  tens  of  millions  of  yen  are 
transferred  annually  from  China  to  Japan  for  the  payment  of  Jap- 
anese morphia.  The  chief  agency  in  the  distribution  of  morphia 
in  China  is'  the  Japanese  Post  Office.  Morphia  is  imported  by 
parcel  post.  No  inspection  of  parcels  in  the  Japanese  Post  Offices 
in  China  is  permitted  to  the  Chinese  Customs  Service.  The  Service 
is  only  allowed  to  know  what  are  the  alleged  contents  of  the  postal 
packages  as  stated  in  the  Japanese  invoices,  and  yet  morphia  enters 
China  by  this  channel  by  the  ton. 

“But  while  the  morphia  traffic  is  a large  one,  there  is  every 
reason  to  believe  that  the  opium  trade,  upon  which  Japan  is  now 
embarking  with  such  enthusiasm,  is  likely  to  prove  even  more 
lucrative.  One  must  emphasize  that  this  opium  is  not  imported  to 
Japan.  It  is  transhipped  in  Kobe  harbour  to  Tsingtao,  from  which 
point  of  vantage,  assisted  by  the  Japanese-controlled  railway  to 
Tsinanfu,  it  is  smuggled  through  Shangtung  into  Shanghai  and  the 
Yangtze  'Valley.  Opium  purchased  in  Calcutta  for  Rs.  3,500  per 
chest,  about  Tls.  1,G00,  costs  delivered  in  Kobe  Harbour,  all  told 
well  under  Tls.  1,200  per  chest.  This  opium,  Tsingtao  opium,  is  sold 
at  Shanghai  at  $500  a ball  of  forty  balls  to  the  chest,  a total  of 
$20,000  per  chest.  China’s  failure  to  sell  (for  medicinal  purposes) 
her  opium  at  $27,000  per  chest,  the  price  asked  by  the  opium  ring, 
is  thus  explained.  The  price  is  undercut  by  the  Japanese.  The 
dimensions  that  the  traffic  has  already  assumed  are  noteworthy. 

There  is  reason  to  believe  that  between  January  1 and  September  30 
of  this  year  1918,  not  less  than  2,000  chests  of  opium  purchased 
in  India  were  imported  into  Tsingtao  via  Kobe.”  ’’ 

“As  in  railways,  so  in  customs  matters,  it  is  again  Japan  that 
renders  so  difidcult  the  task  of  real  reform.  At  all  ports  where 
Japanese  commissioners  of  Maritime  Customs  hold  office  it  is  un- 
deniable that  centres  of  contraband  trade  have  been  established, 
opium  and  its  derivatives  being  so  openly  smuggled  that  the  annual 
net  import  of  Japanese  morphia  (although  this  trade  is  forbidden  by 
International  Convention)  is  now  said  to  be  something  like  twenty 
tons  a year,  sufficient  to  poison  a whole  nation.  In  the  case  of 
Tsingtao,  it  has  been  proved  beyond  a doubt  that  since  the  Japanese 
military  occupation  opium  has  been  introduced  at  military  stores 
on  such  an  immense  scale  as  to  give  the  authorities  a royalty  of 
several  million  pounds  sterling,  with  which  immense  tracts  of  land 
around  Kiao-Chow  Bay  have  been  purchased.”  ® 

When  the  European  Powers  were  busy  in  the  great  war,  Japan  had  a 
free  hand  in  China.  The  Allies  were  trying  their  best  to  please  her  in 
order  to  maintain  her  friendship.  They  could  do  nothing  but  accept 
what  Japan  wanted  to  do  in  China.  It  was  also  quite  evident  that  the 
great  war  would  not  end  quickly.  Japan  grasped  this  great  oppor- 
tunity to  satisfy  her  various  territorial  and  economic  ambitions.  The 
notorious  twenty-one  demands  were  sent  to  China  January,  1915. 
China  could  not  accept  such  unjust  demands,  so  she  refused.  So  unjust 
were  the 'Japanese  demands  that  China  did  not  yield  until  an  ultimatum 
was  sent  to  her  by  Japan  and  she  was  threatened  by  a Japanese  in- 
vasion. Four  out  of  the  twenty-one  demands  were  concerning  the  Ger- 
man interests  in  Shangtung.  They ' are  as  follows : 


—12— 


“Art.  1.  The  Chinese  Government  engages  to  give  full  assent  to 
all  matters  upon  which  the  Japanese  government  may  hereafter 
agree  with  the  German  government  relating  to  the  disposition  of  all 
rights,  interests,  and  concessions  which,  by  virtue  of  treaties  or 
otherwise,  Germany  now  possesses  in  relation  to  province  of 
Shantung. 

“Art.  2.  The  Chinese  Government  engages  that  within  the 
province  of  Shangtung  and  along  its  coast  no  territory  or  island  will 
be  ceded  or  leased  to  a third  power  under  any  pretext  whatever. 

“Art.  3.  The  Chinese  Government  consents  to  Japan’s  build- 
ing a railway  from  Chefoo  or  Lungkow  to  join  the  Kiao-Chow-Tsinan 
railway. 

“Art.  4.  The  Chinese  Government  engages,  in  the  interest  of 
trade  and  for  the  residence  of  foreigners,  to  open  by  itself,  as  soon 
as  possible,  certain  important  cities  and  towns  in  the  province  of 
Shangtung  as  commercial  ports.  What  places  are  to  be  opened 
are  to  be  decided  upon  by  the  two  governments  by  separate  agree- 
ment.” 

Notes  were  also  exchaiigert  between  the  governnieiits  of  China  and 
Japan  in  1918.  From  tliese  notes  Japan  on  the  one  hand  would  con- 
centrate her  troops  from  various  parts  of  Shangtnug  to  Kiao-Chow  and 
one  contingent  in  Tsinanfn,  and  withdraw  her  civil  administration.  On 
the  other  she  would  be  granted  the  right  to  build  two  railways,  one 
from  Kaonii,  20  miles  west  of  Kiao-Chow,  to  Suchow,  about  250  miles, 
and  the  other  from  Tsinanfn  to  Shnntek,  about  150  miles.  These  notes 
of  1918  were  made  by  China  as  the  price  for  Jaiian’s  promise  to  with- 
draw her  troops  and  civil  administration. 

5.  How  Japan  Paved  Her  Way  to  the  Peace  Conference. 

Japan  has  been  trying  to  applj"  her  Korean  policy  to  China.  She 
wants  first  to  control  China’s  foreign  affairs,  secondly  to  control  a large 
part  of  .China’s  natural  resources,  and  thirdly  to  influence  China’s  home 
affairs. 

Before  March,  1917,  China  was  repeatedly  trying  to  get  into  war 
against  Germany  of  her  own  volition,  but  Jaj)an  had  no  desire  to  let  her. 
Japan  did  not  want  China  to  have  a place  at  the  Peace  Conference,  so 
that  she  might  be  China’s  representative.  She  did  not  want  the  wrongs 
done  to  China  by  her  to  be  heard  at  the  peace  table.  She  wanted  to 
settle  the  differences  with  China  alone. 

“ In  November,  1915,  China  tried  to  enter  the  contest  as  desirerl 
by  the  European  Powers.  On  tliat  occasion  Baron  I.sliii,  then  Japanese 
minister  of  foreign  affairs,  said  to  the  European  ambassadors  at  Tokio, 
‘Japan  could  not  view  without  appreliension  the  moral  awakening  of 
400,000,000  Chinese,  which  would  result  from  their  entering  the  war.’ 

“China  did  not  dare  act  contrary  to  the  wishes  of  Japan,  for  she 
knew  Europe  could  not  help  her  in  case  of  need,  and  she  feared  Japanese 


—13— 


aggression.  But  another  opportunity  came  to  China  early  in  1917, 
when  the  United  States  broke  diplomatic  relations  with  Germany  and 
invited  all  the  neutral  countries  of  the  world  to  follow  her  example.”  ® 
Then  Japan  realized  that  she  could  no  longer  keep  China  neutral. 
She  used  the  weakness  of  the  Entente  and  the  collapse  of  Russia  to 
extort,  first  from  England  and  then  from  France,  Italy,  Russia,  treaties 
recognizing  Japan’s  reversionary  rights  to  all  German  possessions  in 
China.  She  used  the  same  situation  to  obtain  from  the  United  States 
the  Lansing-Ishii  agreement  recognizing  Japan’s  “ special  interests  ” 
in  China.  It  has  been  said  that  she  even  had  secret  treaty  with  Ger- 
many, before  the  Armistice  of  the  War,  concerning  the  Far  East.  All 
these  secret  treaties  and  agreements  were  without  the  consent  of  China. 
It  is  difficult  for  justice  itself  to  see  that  the  would  Powers  were  giving 
a piece  of  China’s  territory  to  Japan,  in  order  that  Japan  might  allow 
China  to  take  part  in  the  war  to  fight  for  the  world  course.  As  Sena- 
tor Norris  of  Nebraska  remarks,  “ It  is  thus  clearly  disclosed  that  while 
these  leading  governments  of  the  world  were  inducing  China  to  get  into 
the  war,  in  order  that  they  might  obtain  her  assistance  and  particularly 
that  they  might  be  able  to  get  possession  of  the  German  ships  interned 
in  China’s  harbors,  they  were  secretly  plotting  among  themselves  as  to 
her  destruction  as  soon  as  she  had  complied  with  their  wishes  and  the 
war  was  over.  In  all  the  annals  of  history  I do  not  believe  there  is  re- 
corded an  instance  of  a more  disgraceful  and  dishonorable  agreement 
to  carve  np  the  territory,  not  of  an  enemy,  but  of  an  allied  friend.” 

These  communications  between  Japanese  government  and  the  Brit- 
ish and  French  governments  concerning  Japan’s  claims  in  Shangtung 
and  her  allowing  China  into  the  world  war,  are  as  follows: 

At  the  beginning  of  1917  the  Japanese  minister  of  foreign  affairs 
at  Tokyo  approached  the  British  ambassador  at  that  place,  with  a view 
of  bringing  about  an  agreement  with  the  British  government.  The 
British  ambassador  cabled  to  his  government  at  London,  and  after  re- 
ceiving instructions  from  his  government,  wrote  the  Japanese  govern- 
ment as  follows : 

“British  Embassy,  Tokyo,  Feb.  16,  1917. — My  dear  Excellency: 

With  reference  to  the  subject  of  our  conversation  of  the  27th  ultimo, 
his  Britannic  majesty’s  government  accede  with  pleasure  to  the 
request  of  the  Japanese  government  for  an  assurance  that  they  will 
support  Japan’s  claims  in  regard  to  the  disposal  of  Germany’s 
rights  in  Shangtung  and  possessions  in  the  islands  north  of  the  equa- 
tor on  the  occasion  of  the  peace  conference;  it  being  understood  that 
the  Japanese  government  will  in  the  eventual  peace  settlement  treat 
in  the  same  spirit  Great  Britain’s  claims  to  the  German  islands 
south  of  the  equator. 

“I  avail  myself  of  this  opportunity,  M.  le  Ministre,  to  renew  to 
your  excellency  the  assurance  of  my  highest  consideration.  Conyng- 
ham  Greene,  His  Britannic  Majesty’s  Ambassador.’’ 


—14— 


On  February  21,  1917,  the  Japanese  government  replied  to  this  com- 
munication of  the  British  government  as  follows : 

“The  Japanese  government  is  deeply  appreciative  of  the  friend- 
ly spirit  in  which  your  government  has  given  assurance  and  happy 
to  note  it  as  fresh  proof  of  the  close  ties  that  unite  the  two  allied 
powers.  I take  pleasure  in  stating  that  the  Japanese  government 
on  its  part  is  fully  prepared  to  support  in  the  same  spirit  the  claims 
which  may  be  put  forward  at  the  peace  conference  in  regard  to  the 
German  possessions  in  the  islands  south  of  the  equator.” 

While  the  Japanese  government  was  waiting  for  a reply  from  the 
British  government,  it  proceeded  also  to  negotiate  with  the  other  allied 
governments.  Its  message  to  the  French  government  was  as  follows ; 

‘ The  Imperial  Japanese  government  proposes  to  demand  from 
Germany  at  the  time  of  the  peace  negotiations  the  surrender  of  the 
territorial  rights  and  special  interests  Germany  possessed  before 
the  war  in  Shangtung  and  the  islands  situated  north  of  the  equator 
in  the  Pacific  ocean.  The  Imperial  Japanese  Government  confidently 
hopes  the  government  of  the  French  Republic,  realizing  the  legitim- 
acy of  these  demands,  will  give  assurance  that,  her  case  being 
proved,  Japan  may  count  upon  its  full  support  in  this  question. 

“It  goes  witnout  saying  that  reparation  for  damages  caused  to 
the  life  and  property  of  the  Japanese  people  by  the  unjustifiable 
attacks  of  the  enemy,  as  well  as  other  conditions  of  peace,  of  a 
character  common  to  all  the  entente  powers,  are  entirely  outside 
the  consideration  of  the  present  situation.” 

A few  days  later  the  French  ambassador  replied  to  the  Japanese 
foreign  office  as  follows : 

“The  government  of  the  French  Republic  is  disposed  to  give  the 
Japanese  government  its  accord  in  regulating  at  the  time  of  peace 
negotiations  questions  vital  to  Japan  concerning  Shangtung  and  the 
German  islands  in  the  Pacific  north  of  the  equator.  It  algo  agreed 
to  support  the  demands  of  the  Imperial  Japanese  Government  for 
the  surrender  of  the  rights  Germany  possessed  before  the  war  in 
this  Chinese  province  and  these  islands. 

“M.  Briand  demands,  on  the  other  hand,  that  Japan  give  its 
support  to  obtain  from  China  the  breaking  of  its  diplomatic  rela- 
tions with  Germany  and  that  it  give  this  act  desirable  significance. 

The  consequences  of  this  In  China  should  be  the  following: 

“First,  handing  passports  to  the  German  diplomatic  agents 
and  consuls. 

“Second,  the  obligation  of  all  under  German  jurisdiction  to 
leave  Chinese  territory. 

“Third,  the  internment  of  German  ships  in.  Chinese  ports  and  the 
ultimate  requisition  of  the  ships  in  order  to  place  them  at  the 
disposition  of  the  allies  following  the  example  of  Italy  and  Portugal. 
According  to  the  Information  of  the  French  government  there  are 
fifteen  German 'ships  in  Chinese  ports,  totalling  about  40,000  tons. 

“Fourth,  requisition  of  German  commercial  houses  established 
in  China;  forfeiting  the  right  of  Germany  in  the  concession  she 
possesses  in  certain  parts  of  China.” 

Similar  negotiations  were  entered  into  with  Italy  and  Knssia  with 
the  similar  results. 


—15—- 


It  has  been  said  that  neither  Wilson  nor  the  Chinese  delegates 
knew  of  the  existence  of  these  secret  agreements,  when  they  came  to 
I’aris.  These  agreements  led  to  the  victory  of  Japan  in  the  I’eace  Con- 
ference. 

G.  Jai-an’s  Victory  at  the  Peace  Conference. 

After  securing  support  from  England,  France,  Italy  and  Russia 
on  her  claims  iu  Shangtung,  Japan  came  to  the  Peace  Conference. 
When  the  question  of  Shangtung  came  up  — it  would  not  take  long  for 
the  “Big  Three”  to  decide  it.  Great  Britain  was  an  ally  of  Japan. 
She,  no  doubt,  favored  Japan’s  claims.  It  was  also  said  that  Prance 
and  Japan  had  agreed  beforehand  to  support  each  other  on  their  claims. 
These  three  powers  went  even  further.  They  decided  the  territorial 
problem  of  the  Far  East  sometime  in  March,  1919,  as  Mr.  T.  F.  Millard 
reported. It  was  called  the  Tri-Power  Entente.  They  had  Asia 
divided  up  among  themselves.  Shangtung  and  some  other  provinces  of 
China  were  to  be  under  Japan.  It  was  in  the  same  month  that  United 
States  secured  the  Allies’  recognition  of  the  “Monroe  Doctrine”  in  the 
covenant  of  the  League  of  Nations.  The  latter  is  a fact,  but  we  hope  the 
former  is  not  true. 

The  psychological  moment  of  the  Peace  Conference,  at  the  time 
when  the  Shangtung  question  came  up,  strengthened  Japan’s  claims. 
Italy,  on  account  of  the  Fiume  question,  had  withdrawn  from  the  Con- 
ference. Japan  was  threatening  to  do  tlie  same,  if  she  failed  in  her 
claim  regarding  Shangtung.  In  order  to  prevent  the  possible  alliance 
of  .Japan,  Russia  and  Germany,  which  would  be  a great  opponent  to  the 
League  of  Nations,  and  to  compromise  Japan’s  failure  in  her  demand 
for  the  racial  equality,  the  great  democratic  leader,  whose  support  China 
hoped  to  have,  had  to  yield.  .lapan  rejoiced  in  her  victory.  Imperial- 
ism ha<l  won.  “ Open  diplomacy,”  “ Self-determination,”  “ Fighting 
for  the  World’s  Democracy,”  etc.  were  dreams. 

After  the  Shantung  question  was  settled,  “The  New  Republic”  re- 
marked : “Those,  who  care  for  realities  will  at  this  time  urge  the  Presi- 
dent to  stand  unflinchingly  on  principle  in  the  Italian  and  the  -Japanese 
controversies.  I’ossibly  such  a stand  Avill  result  in  the  withdrawal  of 
Japan  and  Italy  from  the  League.  It  will  be  a terrible  pity  if  this  is 
the  outcome.  But  it  will  mean  simply  that  these  two  Powers  have 
chosen  not  to  qualify  for  membership  because  they  have,  in  the  words 
of  the  Covenant,  failed  to  give  effective  guarantees  of  their  sincere  in- 
tention to  observe  international  obligations.  This  possibility  must  be 
faced.  It  is  better  to  face  it  now  than  later,  better  to  acknowledge  dis- 
appointment to-day  than  to  destroy  the  whole  moral  credit  of  the 
League  by  inaugurating  it  on  broken  pledges.” 

—16— 


7.  The  “Returning-’^  of  Kiao-Ohow  to  China  by  Japan, 

It  was  said  that  Japan  was  to  return  Kiao-Cliow  to  China  with  full 
sovereignty.  Japan  has  made  similar  promises  to  the  world  through 
her  statesmen.  In  the  ultimatum,  which  Japan  sent  Germany  in  Au- 
gust, 1914,  it  says,  “ to  deliver  on  a date  not  later  than  September 

15  to  the  Imperial  Japanese  authorities,  without  condition  or  compen- 
sation, the  entire  leased  territory  of  Kiao-Chow  with  a view  to  the 
eventual  restoration  of  the  same  to  China.”  On  August  24  Count 
Okuma,  the  Premier  of  Japan  at  that  time,  declared:  “As  Premier  of 
Japan,  I have  stated  and  now  again  state  to  the  people  of  America  and 
of  the  world  that  Japan  has  no  ulterior  motive,  no  desire  to  secure  more 
territory,  no  thouglit  of  depriving  China  or  other  peoples  of  anything 
which  they  now  possess.”  Baron  Alakino,  chairman  of  the  Japanese 
delegation,  in  a statement  published  April  30th,  1919,^^  said  “It  has  been 
stated  that  Japan  intends  to  keep  Kiao-Chow,  and  to  occupy  in  perpet- 
uity the  fortress  which  her  armies  wrested  from  Germany.  The  state- 
ment is  incorrect  as  we  already  have  undertaken  to  restore  Kiao-Chow 
to  China  and  we  shall  do  so.  There  is  not  one  instance  in  history  of 
Japan’s  having  failed  to  keep  her  word,  and  it  is  precisely  because  no 
one  is  Justified  in  doubting  our  word  that  we  now  ask  to  be  left  to  effect 
restitution  ourselves  and  that  no  step  be  taken  which  might  have  the 
appearance  of  injustifiable  suspicion.”  A few  days  later  Baron  Shim- 
pei  Goto,  former  foreign  minister  of  Japan,  gave  expression  to  the  same 
thought  in  Kew  York.  When  the  United  States  Senate  protested 
against  the  Shangtung  settlement  in  the  peace  treaty,  such  protesting 
led  the  Japanese  foreign  minister  to  issue  a statement  on  August  5th, 
1919,  declaring  that  Japan  did  not  intend  to  claim  any  rights  affecting 
the  territorial  sovereignty  of  China  in  Shangtung.  Tsingtao  would  be 
internationalized. 

The  things  tliey  have  said  are  simply  contradictory  to  some  of 
their  former  statements  regarding  Shangtung.  It  was  Baron  Goto, 
who  declared  in  the  Diet  in  December,  1914,  that  Japan  had  made  “ no 
promise  whatever  with  regard  to  the  ultimate  disposition  of  what  she 
had  acquired  in  Shangtung.”  In  the  ultimatum  which  Japan  delivered 
to  China  May  7,  1915,  the  Japanese  government  declared:  “The  Impei’- 
ial  Japanese  Government,  in  taking  Kiao-Chow  made  immense  sacri- 
fices in  blood  and  money.^®  Therefore  after  taking  the  place,  there  is 
not  the  least  obligation  on  the  Imperial  Japanese  Government’s  part 
to  return  the  place  to  China.” 

“ Yoshisawa,  Japan’s  Shangtung  investigator,  said  that  Japan  never 
intended  to  internationalize  Tsingtao.  He  further  said  that  the  Japanese 
in  Shangtung  were  strongly  opposed  to  internationalization,  as  were 


-17- 


the  Japanese  at  home.  Baron  Uchida’s  statement  concerning  interna- 
tionalization was  apparently  given  out  to  test  foreign  and  Japanese 
opinions.  Telegrams  from  Japan  show  that  a storm  of  protest  is  rag- 
ing against  the  plan,  the  militaristic  party  desiring  to  obtain  the  whole 
of  Shangtung’s  mineral  and  industrial  assets.” 

When  Japan  was  having  her  own  way,  she  made  one  statement. 
When  the  world  was  protesting  against  her  aggression  in  China,  she 
made  the  other.  How  could  we  trust  what  the  Japanese  statesmen 
said?  If  she  is  sincere  about  the  returning  of  Kiao-Chaw  to  China  — 
why  did  she  absolutely  refuse  to  add  such  statement  in  the  Peace 
Treaty  and  to  tell  the  definite  time  of  the  returning?  Dr.  C.  C.  Wu 
remarks,^^  “ It  is  interesting  to  note  here  that  Japan  promises  to  re- 
turn to  China  sovereignty  rights  in  Shaugtimg,  although  Germany  never 
asserted  any  right  of  sovereignty.” 

In  1902,  1906,  1907  and  1908  Japan  made  similar  agreements  with 
England,  Russia,  France  and  United  States  recognizing  the  inde- 
pendence and  integrity  of  Korea  and  China.  What  has  become  of  Korea 
now?  Those  who  know  tlie  situation  in  Manchuria  and  eastern  Mon- 
golia will  readily  see  that  the  integrity  of  China  in  those  places  is  ab- 
solutely disregarded  by  Japan.  In  fact  Japan  looks  upon  them  as  her 
colonies.  Yet  Bai’on  Makino,  in  his  statement  quoted  above,  says, 
“ there  is  not  one  instance  in  history  of  Japan’s  having  failed  to  keep 
her  word.”  We  certainly  hope  that  Japan  will  keep  her  word  this 
time.  In  case  she  does,  we  must  further  examine  the  conditions  under 
which  Japan  is  going  to  return  Kiao-Chow  to  China. 

Accompanying  the  notorious  twenty-one  demands  of  May,  1915,  the 
Japanese  minister  named  to  the  Chinese  foreign  minister  the  following 
conditions  under  which  Japan  would  return  Kiao-Chow  to  China: 

“1.  The  whole  of  Kiao-Chow  Bay  to  be  opened  as  a commercial 
port. 

“2.  A concession  under  the  exclusive  jurisdiction  of  Japan  to 
he  established  at  a place  designated  by  the  Japanese  Government. 

“3.  If  the  foreign  powers  desire  it,  an  international  concession 
may  he  established. 

“4.  As  regards  the  disposal  to  be  made  of  the  buildings  and 
properties  of  Germany  and  the  conditions  and  procedure  relating 
thereto,  the  Japanese  Government  and  the  Chinese  Government  shall 
arrange  the  matter  by  mutual  agreement  before  the  restoration.” 

In  October,  1918,  Count  Okuma  caused  Japan’s  ten  peace  prin- 
ciples or  conditions,  two  of  which  concerning  Tsingtao,  a sea  port  at 
Kiao-Chow,  are  as  follows : 

“7.  The  cable  line  between  Tsingtao  and  the  southern  islands, 
which  is  now  occupied  by  the  Japanese  navy,  should  be  held  by 
Japan.  The  cable  line  is  a property  owned  by  a private  concern, 
so  that  Germany  should  buy  it  up  before  conceding  it  to  Japan. 

—18— 


“8.  Japan  should  return  Tsingtao  to  China,  as  she  has  de- 
clared she  should  have  the  right  to  hold  the  exclusive  settlement 
there  and  various  organs  and  buildings  attached  to  the  settlement. 

The  Tsinan  railway,  which  is  the  property  of  a private  concern, 
should  be  bought  up  by  the  German  government  and  then  should 
be  conceded  to  Japan.” 

According  to  Millard’s  Review/®  in  this  Japanese  concession  in 
Tsingtao  are  located  the  wharves,  customs  house,  railroad  station,  elec- 
tric light  and  water  works  plants,  municipal  slaughter  house,  naval- 
docks,  dry-docks,  in  fact  everytliing  of  value  in  the  city.  The  rest  of 
the  city,  comprising  the  old  residence  section,  hotels  and  bathing  beach, 
IS  to  be  returned  to  China.  Under  the  good  name  of  “ returning  ” 
Japan  will  secure  the  best  out  of  the  German  interests  in  Shangtung. 
Japan  is  simply  to  return  an  empty  pocket  to  China. 

Furthermore  this  Japanese  concession  in  Tsingtao  under  the  ex- 
clusive jurisdiction  of  Japan  means  another  Hong  Kong  in  China.  The 
Chinese  government  could  not  exercise  any  right  there.  She  could  not 
collect  duties  there  as  she  used  to  do  under  the  German  administration. 
It  is  different  from  Shanghai,  where  the  Chinese  officials  can  exercise 
certain  rights,  and  the  sovereignty  of  China  is  respected. 

We  have  been  told  that  all  Japan  wants  is  the  economic  interest. 
This  is  enough  to  put  Shangtung  under  Japan’s  mercy.  We  must  bear 
in  mind  that  China  is  a weak  nation,  while  Japan  is  strong  and  aggres- 
sive. Many  instances  have  proved. that  Japanese  economic  interest  in 
China  is  the  forerunner  of  her  militarism,  and  imperialism.  We  have 
felt  how  the  unseen  power  of  economic  exploitation  enslaved  a people. 
It  is  a new  weapon  of  modern  invasion  without  much  notice  of  the 
world.  Japan  has  employed  this  method  very  successfully  in  Man- 
churia. 

We  must  admire  the  clever  part  of  the  Japanese  delegates  in  draft- 
ing those  clauses  in  the  Peace  Treaty  regarding  the  German  interests  in 
China.  They  separate  the  German  interests  in  Shangtung  from  those 
in  Hankow  and  Tientsin.  But  Germany  had  no  more  right  in  Shang- 
tung than  in  Hankow  and  Tientsin.  This  treaty  does  not  give  China 
rights  to  remedy  the  economic  interests  which  are  to  be  transferred  to 
Japan.  On  the  other  hand  the  treaty  between  China  and  Germany 
grants  China  rights  to  remedy  the  railway  and  mines  in  the  future. 
Japan  has  secured  from  China  more  than  Germany  did. 

It  is  hoped  that  the  League  of  Nations  will  see  that  China  will  be 
repaid  for  all  mistreatments  of  her  by  other  nations.  “ If  necessary  the 
League  of  Nations  will  compel  Japan  to  return  Kiao-Chow  to  China.” 
But  at  the  Peace  Conference,  which  originated  and  formulated  the 
League  of  Nations,  the  Powers  were  supporting  one  another  in  their 
territorial  claims.  We  wonder  whether  they  will  not  do  the  same  even 

—19— 


under  the  League  of  Nations.  If  Imperialism  is  going  to  rule  the 
League  of  Nations,  the  weaker  nations  will  still  have  to  suffer.  “ China 
realizes  that  the  League  will  grant  justice  to  every  nation  strong  enough 
to  win  it  in  a fair  fight.” 

“ If  the  Great  I'owers  which,  under  the  present  draft  of  the  Cove- 
nant will  control  the  Leagite  of  Nations,  really  meant  and  intended 
that  China’s  rights  and  interests  should  be  protected  by  the  League, 
why  did  the  Council  of  Four,  by  M.  Clemenceau,  refuse  China’s  offer 
to  sigTi  the  Treaty  provided  the  Council  of  Four  would  guarantee  that 
the  League  of  Nations  would  hear  China’s  case.”  (“The  Nation”  In- 
ternational Relation  Section,  Sept.  20,  1919,  pp.  420). 

8.  Kiao-Chow  and  Other  German  Interests  in  Shangtung  Should 

Be  Restored  to  China  Unconditionally  by  the  Peace  Confer- 
ence. 

Tsingtao,  with  a railway  running  into  the  heart  of  Shangtung, 
serves  as  a great  outlet  of  that  province.  China  is  not  worrying  so 
much  about  the  Japanese  aggression  at  Tsingtao  or  Kiao-Chow,  the 
leased  territory,  as  she  is  about  the  future  of  the  whole  province  of 
Shangtung  and  its  surrounding  provinces.  It  is  for  the  liberty  and 
freedom  of  these  people  against  Japanese  Prussianism,  that  all  the 
German  interests  in  Shangtung  should  be  restored  to  China.  During 
the  war  about  200,000  Chinese  laborers  were  sent  over  to  Prance  to 
work  behind  trenches.  Most  of  these  laborers  were  from  Shangtung. 
They  in  many  ways  helped  to  win  the  war.  What  a great  disaiipoint- 
nient  to  them,  when  they  return  to  China  and  lind  tliat  their  very  home 
laud  has  been  handed  over  to  Japan  as  the  result  of  the  war! 

Shangtung  is  China’s  holy  land  as  the  cradle  of  her  civilization. 
It,  Avith  South  Manchuria  and  Eastern  Mongolia  now  under  Japanese 
domination,  controls  the  outlet  of  Peking,  the  capital  of  China.  When 
the  Tsingtao-Tsinan  raihvay  is  connected  with  the  tAvo  trunk  lines  from 
Peking  to  the  rest  of  China,  the  capital  Avill  be  in  the  midst  of  Japanese 
influence.  It  is  for  the  future  independence  of  China  that  Japan  must 
be  kept  out  of  Shangtung. 

Kiao-ChoAV  Avas  leased  to  Germany  under  Prussian  militarism. 
China  Avas  wronged.  Noav  Japan  comes  to  take  Germany’s  place. 
China  Avill  never  be  righted  by  this  substitution.  Futhermore,  Avhen 
China  declared  war  on  Germany,  all  the  treaties  between  China  and 
Germany  Avere  invalidated.  All  German  interests  in  Shangtung  as 
Avell  as  in  HankoAV  and  .Tientsin  should  go  back  to  China.  If  it  is  ar- 
gued that  the  Chino-German  treaty  still  holds  good,  then  how  ex- 

—20— 


plain  the  provision  in  the  same  treaty  that  Kiao-Chow  should  not  be 
ceded  to  a third  power? 

“Japan  based  its  claim  for  the  German  rights  in  Shangtung  also 
on  the  treaty  and  notes  of  1915  and  1918  with  China.  It  is  to  be  noted, 
however,  that  the  documents  of  1915  were  agreed  to  by  China  under  co- 
ercion of  an  ultimatum  threatening  war  in  case  of  non-compliance  with 
the  twenty-one'demands.  The  notes  of  1918  were  made  by  China  as  the 
price  for  Japan’s  promise  to  withdraw  her  troops,  whose  presence  in 
the  interior  of  Shangtung,  as  well  as  the  establishment  of  Japanese 
civil  administration  bureaus  in  the  district,  had  aroused  such  popular 
opposition  that  the  Chinese  government  felt  constrained  to  make  tlie 
arrangement.” 

The  United  States  has  sacrificed  infinitely  more  in  fighting  over  Al- 
sace-Lorraine than  Japan  did  over  in  Shangtung.  The  United  States 
has  never  claimed  any  part  of  Alsace-Lorraine.  It  is  a noble  example 
for  Japan  to  follow.  She  secured  the  German  interests  in  Shangtung  as 
purely  following  her  imperialistic  policy  in  China.  She  captured  Tsing- 
toa  by  violating  the  neutrality  of  China.  She  won  her  claims  in  the 
Peace  Conference  through  secret  treaties.  “ It  appears  clear  then  that 
the  council  has  been  bestowing  on  Japan  the  rights,  not  of  Germany, 
but  of  China,  not  of  an  enemy  but  of  an  ally.  The  more  powerful  ally 
had  reaped  a benefit  at  the  expense  not  of  the  common  enemy,  but  of 
the  weaker  ally.” 

Dr.  Wellington  Koo,  one  of  China’s  delegates,  on  behalf  of  China 
and  her  delegation,  proposed  the  following,  regarding  the  settlement  of 
the  German  interests  in  Shangtung : 

“1.  Kiao  Chow  should  be  handed  over  to  the  Big  Five  for 
administration. 

“2.  Kiao-Chow  should  be  returned  to  China  by  the  Big  Five  one 
year  after  the  signing  of  the  peace  treaty,  and  Japan  should  abide 
by  this  arrangement. 

“3.  China  recognizes  the  action  of  Japan  in  taking  Tsingtao  by 
force  of  arms,  and  consents  to  the  payment  to  Japan  of  whatever 
war  expenses  she  might  have  incurred  in  the  capture  of  the  place 
from  Germany. 

“4.  Kiao-Chow  should  be  thrown  open  to  foreign  trade  and  no 
foreign  nation  shall  be  allowed  to  hold  any  concession  in  the  ter- 
ritory.” 

This  proposal  is  fair  and  reasonable  and  what  the  Peace  Confer- 
ence should  have  followed. 

9.  What  the  Eecent  History  op  Manchuria  Has  Taught  Us. 

After  the  Russo-Japanese  war  of  1904-1905,  all  the  Russian  leased 
territory,  concessions,  railways,  mines  and  other  interests  in  South 


—21— 


Manchuria  were  transferred  to  Japan.  The  case  of  Shangtung  is  simi- 
lar. Ever  since  the  end  of  the  Russo-Japanese  war  Japan  has  steadily 
and  intensively  Japanized  South  Manchuria.  She  has  practically 
dominated  the  economic  and  political  conditions.  Her  influence  has 
been  extended  into  Eastern  Mongolia  and  northern  Manchuria  and  now 
even  into  Siberia. 

Japan  owns  the  main  line  from  Dairen  to  Changchun  with  number 
of  branch  lines.  She  has  secured  the  right,  through  demands  and  secret 
agreements,  to  build  five  other  lines  in  Manchuria  and  Mongolia.  She 
has  also  had  financial  influence  on  a few  other  lines.  All  these  will  be 
the  network  of  Japanese  railways,  which  serve  as  the  paths  of  the  Jap- 
anese invasion  of  China.  Under  the  notorious  twenty-one  demands  the 
term  of  lease  of  Port  Arthur  and  Dairen  with  the  Antung-Mukden  rail- 
way and  the  south  Manchuria  railway  has  been  extended  to  the  period 
of  99  years.  Futhermore,  the  Korean  line  was  merged  with  the  South 
Manchurian  Railway  on  August  1,  1917,  drawing  Korea  and  Manchuria 
more  closely  together. 

The  aggressive  policy  of  Japan  in  Manchuria  was  shown  when  she 
organized  the  “ Triple  Administration  ” in  1918,  , which  united  the 
Kwantung  Leased  Territory,  South  Manchuria  Railway  Company  and 
other  Japanese  consular  authorities  in  Manchuria  under  one  administra- 
tion. The  Governor-General  of  the  Kwantung  Leased  Territory  acts 
as  the  head.  The  Oriental  Colonization  Company  and  the  government 
railways  in  Korea  are  also  under  his  management.  This  triple  admin- 
istration is  directly  under  the  Prime  Minister  of  Japan  instead  of  the 
foreign  office.  The  Bank  of  Chosen  was  recognized  by  the  Japanese 
government  as  its  official  Bank  in  Manchuria.  Such  kind  of  movement 
is  absolutely  disregarding  the  sovereignty  of  China,  and  it  is  a step  to- 
ward the  absorption  of  Manchuria  by  Japan. 

Let  us  note  the  annual  program  of  the  Oriental  Colonization  Com- 
pany in  Manchuria  and  Mongolia.  (1)  This  company  receives  1,000,000 
Yen  from  the  Japanese  government  for  colonizing  Manchuria  aud  Mon- 
golia. (2)  This  Company  at  least  annually  transports  1,500  families 
from  Japan  and  Korea  to  Manchuria  and  Mongolia.  (3)  Within  ten 
years  this  Company  should  move  20,000  families  of  Japanese  farmers 
and  30,000  families  of  Korean  farmers,  totaling  about  200,000  persons, 
into  Manchuria  and  Mongolia.  These  farmers  should  organize  them- 
selves into  villages,  which  would  receive  civil  and  military  protection 
of  the  Japanese  government.  (See  Millard’s  Review,  V.  viii,  pp.  454.) 

All  new  towns  developed  within  the  South  Manchuria  Railway 
Zone  are  under  the  administration  of  the  Company.  Japanese  soldiers 
pass  freely  under  arms  throughout  the  regions  adjoining  the  Zone,  while 


—22— 


the  Chinese  police  and  soldiers  are  allowed  to  enter  the  Zone  under 
special  permission  of  the  Japanese.  Troubles  are  often  started  by  the 
Japanese  soldiers  near  the  Zone  and  Chinese  authorities  are  compelled 
to  give  way  in  many  cases. 

This  Japanese  railway  in  Manchuria  with  the  commercial  port, 
Dairen,  controls  the  commerce  of  Manchuria.  Japanese  goods  coming 
into  Manchuria  have  the  government  subsidies,  special  railway  rates, 
preferential  customs  treatment  and  exemption  from  internal  taxation. 
A general  preference  is  given  to  Japanese  merchants  and  traders  by  the 
Japanese  Bank.  Goods  from  other  countries  have  no  such  advantages 
but  are  often  delayed  by  railway  transportation. 

“ An  example  of  Japan’s  Chinese  financial  methods  in  China  is 
found  in  the  situation  in  Manchuria.  After  the  Japanese-Russian  war, 
and  since  then,  the  Japanese  established  many  branches  of  the  Yoko- 
hama Specie  Bank,  the  Korean,  and  their  other  banks  in  Manchuria. 
When  the  present  war  began,  the  Japanese  spread  the  report  among  the 
natives  that  the  Russian  ruble  notes,  which  had  a large  circulation,  were 
worthless;  and  the  Japanese  issued  large  quantities  of  ‘ Laotao  ’ and 
‘ Korean  ’ notes.  When  the  moratorium  was  declared,  the  Tuchun,  or- 
governor,  of  Feng-tien,  fearing  that  the  order  might  disastrously  affect 
the  banks  of  Manchuria,  borrowed  three  million  dollars  from  the  Bank 
of  Korea,  which  is  Japanese,  to  increase  the  reserve  in  the  local  Man- 
churian banks. 

“ As  compensation  for  this  loan,  the  Japanese  demanded  that  they 
should  be  allowed  to  issue  a million  dollars  in  inconvertible  notes, 
which  the  Tuchun  was  required  to  proclaim,  were  to  be  accepted  by  all 
merchants  and  by  government  officials  for  all  pajunents  due.  The  fact 
is,  that  these  inconvertible  notes  are  merely  fiat  money;  but  the  Jap- 
anese forced  them  on  the  Manchurians.  An  authority  of  Mukden  says 
that  the  Japanese  have  issued  thirty-five  million  two  hundred  and  forty 
thousand  pieces  of  what  they  call  ‘ gold  notes  ’ and  fifty-five  million 
pieces  of  ‘ silver  notes,’  and  that  all  these  are  inconvertible,  and  the 
natives  of  Manchuria  will  have  much  the  worst  of  it  in  the  end.” 

Through  the  twenty-one  demands  the  Japanese  have  the  rights  to 
own  land  and  buildings  and  to  operate  all  mines  in  South  Manchuria. 
Japan  is  trying  in  many  Avays  to  buy  all  the  valuable  lands  in  Man- 
churia and  Eastern  Mongolia.  The  following  is  one  of  the  Avays  she 
does  it.  The  Japanese  banks  in  Manchuria  and  Eastern  Mongolia  loan 
money  to  the  natives  at  high  interest,  secured  by  a mortgage  on  lands. 
If  the  natives  are  unable  to  repay  their  loans,  tlie  Japanese  banks  get 
control  of  their  lands. 

“ In  Manchuria,  as  in  Korea,  the  military  element  was  undoubted- 


—23— 


of  aggressive  and  ai’bitrary  behavior.  Land  was  appropriated 
without  adequate  paj^ment;  buildings  were  taken  and  the  rents  left 
unpaid , the  reasonable  representations  of  tlie  Chinese  authorities  were 
scouted  and  ignored.”  Things  are  done  by  the  Japanese  within  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  Chinese  government,  yet  they  may  secure  no  permis- 
sion from  the  Chinese  authorities.  In  fact  the  Chinese  officials  in  Man- 
churia are  subject  to  the  wishes  of  Japan.-® 

Manchuria  has  an  area  of  JG3,700  square  miles.  It  has  been  said 
that  it  is  capable  of  supporting  a population  of  100,000,000.  Up  to 
June,  1917,  Japan  has  112,258  Japanese  and  about  250,000  Koreans  coL 
ouizing  Manchuria. 

To  be  sure  all  Japanese  concessions  and  railways  in  Manchuria  and 
Mongolia  are  leased  from  China.  What  Japan  has  been  laboring  in 
those  places,  she  never  expects  to  return  to  China. 

The  situation  in  Manchuria  has  at  least  thrown  some  light  upon 
the  question  of  Shangtung.  With  a main  line  rnuniug  into  the  heart 
of  Shangtung,  which  is  also  connected  with  the  main  trunk  lines  of 
China,  and  tlie  “ exclusive  concession,”  which  is  not  less  than  the  port 
of  Tsingtao,  Japan  will  be  more  able  to  transfer  Shaugtung  into  another 
Manchuria.  8o  the  matter  of  returning  Kiao-Chow  to  China  does  not 
mean  much  either  to  Japan  or  to  China.  But  through  it  Japan  may 
gain  some  prestige  among  those  who  may  not  see  the  modern  Avay  of  in- 
vasion. 

It  may  be  well  for  tlie  reader  to  note  some  concrete  examples  of  the 
recent  outrages  committed  by  the  Japanese  in  Sliangtung  in  Jul}^, 
1919.-° 

“July  1.  The  Japanese  gendarmes  arrested  Wang  Chih-Chien, 
a Chinese  student  of  the  Christian  University  at  Tsinan,  in  Chinese 
territory  for  encouraging  the  use  of  home-made  goods. 

“July  7.  The  Japanese  during  the  course  of  their  lantern  pro- 
cession smashed  the  premises  of  the  Taikang  Canning  Factory.  They 
carried  banners  on  which  were  inscribed  such  words  as  ‘Japan  has 
newly  acquired  Shangtung.’ 

“July  11.  The  Japanese  arrested  two  farmers  named  Kiu  and 
Li,  near  the  Railway  Zone,  severely  whipped  them  and  finally  forced 
them  to  drink  kerosene  oil. 

“On  the  same  day,  the  Japanese  soldiers  arrested  two  waiters 
in  a Chinese  restaurant  near  Chihlipan,  also  Chinese  territory,  and 
tortured  them  with  unprecedented  cruelty. 

“July  17.  The  Japanese -broke  into  the  Tenth  Middle  School  at 
Chingchojv,  another  Chinese  town,  carried  away  a student  named 
Ma  Chung-hwai,  Jand  refused  to  release  him. 

“July  19.  The  Japanese  soldiers  entered  the  Agricultural  Col- 
lege at  Chingchow  and  carried  away  a Chinese  student  by  the  name 
of  Lo  Shen-chen. 

“July  21.  The  Japanese  gendarmes  arrested  three  Shangtung 
evangelists  and.  put  them  into  small,  hot,  dark  prison  cells  for  three 

—24— 


days.  They  discharged  the  evangelists  with  the  remark  that  they 
really  loved  China  and  ordered  them  not  to  be  the  dupes  of  the 
American  missionaries.” 

The  autocratic  and  aggressive  policy  of  Japan  is  also  revealed  in 
her  rule  over  Korea. 

‘‘Their  richest  lands  rapidly  are  passing  under  private  and 
Japanese  government  ownership. 

“The  Korean  language  is  abolished  from  the  public  schools,  with 
the  substitution  of  Japanese. 

“Korean  scholars  are  not  permitted  the  higher  education. 

“The  history  of  a proud  Korea  is  excluded  from  the  schools  to 
make  way  for  Japanese  culture. 

“All  Koreans  are  forced  to  salute  the  Japanese  flag  and  to  wor- 
ship the  Japanese  Emporor’s  tablet. 

“Constant  and  bitter  persecution  of  Christianity  in  all  its 
activities,  both  In  its  distinctively  religious  activities  and  in  its  so- 
cial and  educational  work,  while  ofBcial  sanction  is  given  Buddhist 
and  Shinto  propagandists. 

“Japanese  are  in  control  of  all  business  and  industry. 

“Constant  inhumane  treatment  of  any  Korean  who  exhibits  out- 
wardly his  endeavor  to  remain  Korean.” 

As  Senator  McCormick  says:  “Thirty-five  years  Japanese  foreign 
policy  in  Asia  has  been  one  of  consistent  perfidy  and  aggression.  If  any 
one  doubts  this,  let  him  review  his  own  memory  of  Japan’s  irelatioii  with 
China  and  Korea,  her  secret  and  now  discovered  violation  of  the  pledges 
exchanged  with  the  government  of  United  States.” 

10.  Japan’s  “Friendly  ” Attitude  and  Policy  Towards  China. 

In  dealing  with  China,  Japan  is  divided  up  into  two  parties.  One 
is  the  continental  party,  which  comprises  mostly  military  leaders. 
This  party  wants  to  annex  Manchuria,  Eastern  Mongolia,  Shangtiing 
and  Fukien  Provinces  as  soon  as  possible.  The  other  party  is  a party 
of  financers.  They  want  to  conquer  China  through  economical  forces. 
Both  parties  are  merciless  to  China. 

A Japanese  winter  declares : “A  united,  awakened,  organized, 
efficient  China  is  a menace  to  the  very  existence  of  Japan.”  So  Japan’s 
policy  toward  China  is  td  keep  her  weak  and  divided.  Japan  has  been 
supporting  different  military  parties  in  China.  She  has  been  helping  them 
with  money,  munitions,  and  in  many  cases  even  with  men,  to  fight  with 
each  other.  This  is  to  keep  China  divided.  Ifi  one  party  is  not  favorable 
to  Japan,  she  will  help  the  other  to  overthrow  it.  The  overthrow  of  Yuen 
Shih-Kai  was  participated  in  by  Japan.  General  Aoki,  a Japanese  gen- 
eral, was  in  charge  of  the  rebel  forces.  Yuan  Shih-Kai  was  considered 
an  avowed  enemy  of  Japan.  The  Black  Dragon  Society,  a Japanese  or- 


—25—- 


ganization  with  great  influence  upon  the  Japanese  government,  advised 
his  overthrow.  When  Yuan  was  in  power  this  organization  declared : 

“ We  should  induce  the  Chinese  revolutionists,  the  imperialists  and 
other  Chinese  malcontents  to  create  trouble  all  over  China.  The  whole 
country  will  be  thrown  into  disorder  and  Yuan’s  government  will  con- 
sequently be  overthrown.” 

Civil  war  has  been  going  on  for  sometime  in  China.  Japan  is  the 
nation  which  can  stop  it.  If  Japan  would  stop  loaning  money  and 
arms  to  both  parties,  they  simply  could  not  go  on  fighting.  In  the  last 
two  years  Japan  loaned  over  Yen  248,100,000  to  China,  and  more  than 
50%  of  the  money  was  spent  for  soldiers,  as  Mr.  H.  K.  Tong  declared. 
On  the  one  hand  Japan  was  carrying  out  her  policy  to  keep  China  di- 
vided. On  the  other  she  could  control  a great  part  of  China’s  natural 
resources  as  the  mortgage  of  the  loans.  The  Chinese  Peace  Conference 
met  again  and  again  but  could  not  do  anything.  All  the  delegates 
agreed  to  reduce  tlie  power  of  tlie  militarists,  but  no  government  in 
China  dared  to  carry  out  such  terms,  as  the  Chinese  militarists  were 
still  in  power  and  supported  by  Japan. 

Militarism  is  what  China  has  been  fighting  against  and  what  Japan 
wants  to  dominate  China  with.  Most  of  the  secret  treaties  between 
China  and  Japan  wei’e  concluded  by  the  Chinese  militarists,  without  the 
consent  of  the  Chinese  people.  Several  militarists  now  dominating 
north  China  are  supported  by  Japanese  money,  using  Japanese  ad- 
visers and  Japanese  ax’ms. 

“ The  country  has  been  overrun  with  bandits,  mostly  ex-soldiers, 
who  are  armed  with  modern  weapons  secured  from  Japan.  Japanese 
agents  have  encouraged,  if  they  have  not  actually  stirred  up  strife.  All 
this  Japan  feels  to  be  to  her  interest,  for  the  worse  that  things  are  in 
China,  the  sooner  Japan  will  be  needed  to  come  over  and  restore  order. 
Evidence  comes  from  many  quarters  that  she  is  actively  at  work,  both 
openly  and  secretly.”  Japan  must  keep  her  hands  off  China,  or  China 
will  never  have  peace. 

11.  Problems  Between  China  and  Japan  as  a Challenge  to  the 
World. 

Japan’s  policy  toward  China  is  purely  imperialistic.  It  is  opposed 
to  Democracy  and  Christian  principles.  All  the  injustices  and  wrongs 
which  Japan  has  done  to  China  in  the  last  four  years  must  be  righted. 
The  twenty-one  demands  must  be  re-examined,  the  secret  treaties 
scrutinized,  the  illegitimate  ones  canceled.  Japan  is  challenging  the 
justice  and  democracy  of  the  world.  China  is  a weak  nation.  It  is 
up  to  the  world  to  accept  Japan’s  challenge. 


-^26— 


Japan  has  strong  propaganda  at  work  in  China.  Japanese  propa- 
gandists in  China  point  ont  to  the  Chinese  the  aggression  uiion  China 
by  the  European  Powers  in  the  last  three  decades  as  the  signs  of  “ white 
peril.”  They  talk  about  future  wars  between  white  race  and  yellow 
race.  The  ideas  of  “ Asia  for  the  Asiatics,”  etc.  are  spread  in  the  midst 
of  the  educated  Chinese.  They  also  point  out  that  China  and  Japan  are 
closely  related  in  race,  in  civilization  and  in  geographical  situation. 
They  further  insist  that  China  must  depend  upon  Japan  for  support 
and  co-operation  to  fight  for  the  future  of  Asia.  Such  ideas  have 
actually  led  some  influential  Chinese  to  believe  that  Japan  is  the  sole 
savior  of  China. 

Since  this  Peace  Conference,  Japanese  propagandists  have  told  the 
Chinese  that  the  World  Powers  have  no  mercy  on  China.  They  did  not 
support  China  in  her  claims.  It  is  up  to  the  World  PoAvers  to  abolish 
their  aggressive  policies  in  China  and  to  support  China’s  claims,  in 
order  to  break  down  the  Japanese  false  ideas  in  China. 

In  revieAviug  the  recent  history  of  China,  Japan  has  done  more 
wrongs  to  China  than  any  other  nation.  In  spite  of  the  fact  that  Japan 
and  China  belong  to  the  same  race,  China  Avill  never  trust  Japan  unless 
Japan  changes  her  attitude  and  policy  toward  China.  In  order  to 
have  an  equal  standing  Avith  the  Avhite  race  Japan  must  help  China  to 
become  a strong  nation,  but  Japan  has  been  trying  with  all  her  might 
“ to  keep  China  weak  and  divided.”  The  national  interests  are  so 
strong  in  Asia  that  a Avar  between  white  race  and  yellow  race  is  rather 
remote. 

China  with  enormous  natural  resources,  yet  is  so  weak.  She  wel- 
comes friendly  helps  from  other  nations  but  not  encoachments  nor  in- 
terferences. She  has  been  struggling  for  Democracy.  Democracy  will 
come  to  her.  Yet  it  remains  to  be  a challenge  to  the  Avorld. 


—27— 


References 


1.  The  Chicago  Daily  Tribune,  July  16,  1919,  page  6. 

2.  China,  the  United  State  and  the  War,  by  K.  S.  Latourette. 

China’s  Case  against  Japan  in  Kiao-Chow,  a pamphlet,  by  T.  C.  Woo, 
page  5,  6. 

3.  Contemporary  Politics  in  the  Far  East,  by  S.  K.  Hornbeck,  page  298. 

4.  Contemporary  Politics  in  the  Far  East,  by  S.  K.  Hornbeck,  page  291. 

5.  Asia,  March,  1919,  page  225. 

6.  “The  Japanese  Occupation  of  Tsinan,”  by  Upton  Close,  Millard’s  Review, 

Shanghai,  January  18,  1919. 

7.  The  North  China  Herald,  December  21,  1918,  quoted  by  Asia,  March,  1919. 

8.  Asia,  March,  1919,  page  227. 

9.  Cleveland  Plain  Dealer,  April  21,.  1919,  Page  24. 

10.  The  Chicago  Daily  News,  July  15,  1919,  page  2. 

11.  The  Chicago  Daily  News,  July  15,  1919,  page  1. 

12.  The  Chicago  Daily  Tribune,  July  26,  1919,  page  2. 

13.  The  New  Republic,  May  3,  1919,  page  4. 

14.  Cleveland  Plain  Dealer,  May  1,  1919. 

15.  The  whole  campaign  took  about  two  months  and  about  300  Japanese 

soldiers  were  killed. 

16.  The  Chicago  Daily  News,  August  23,  1919,  page  2. 

17.  Outlook,  July  30,  1919,  page  502. 

18.  Millard’s  Review,  January  4,  1919,  page  162. 

19.  Millard’s  Review,  January  4,  1919,  page. 161. 

20.  “China’s  Envoys  Protest,”  Cleveland  Plain  Dealer,  May  3,  1919. 

21.  Millard’s  Review,  May  10,  1919,  page  388. 

22.  Far  Eastern  Review,  August,  1919,  page  323. 

23.  The  Saturday  Evening  Post,  May  19,  1917. 

24.  A description  by  the  Earl  of  Ronaldshay,  quoted  by  G.  Z.  Wood  in  his 

pamphlet,  China  vs.  Japan. 

25.  For  further  detailed  information  concerning  the  situation  in  Manchuria, 

one  should  read  the  chapter  “Manchuria  as  a factor  in  the  Far  Eastern 
Problems”  in  the  book  entitled,  “The  Mastery  of  the  Par  East,”  by 
A.  J.  Brown. 

26.  Millard’s  Review,  August  9,  1919,  page  388-89. 

27.  The  Literary  Digest,  August  2.  1919,  page  32. 

28.  The  Chicago  Daily  News,  August  20,  1919,  front  page. 

29.  Asia,  December,  1917,  page  790. 

30.  China  and  the  World  War,  by  A.  R.  Wheeler,  page  197. 

31.  New  Life  Currents  in  China,  by  M.  N.  Gamewell,  page  16. 


■—28-- 


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THE  EASTANIAN 


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Y.  L.  LEE,  Secretary  and  Treasurer 
31  Council  Hall 
Oberlin,  Ohio,  U.  S.  A. 

K.  T.  WONG,  Business  Manager 
Care  of  Cheung  Mow  Tai  Co. 

Oi  Yuk  West  St. 

Canton,  China 


Pamphlets  Published  by  the  Eastanian 

1.  Japan  and  China,  by  Y.  L.  Lee. 

2.  The  Chinese  Translation  of  Japan  and  China,  Translated  by  S.  K. 
Wong. 

3.  Kiao-Chow  As  a Spoil  of  the  World  War.  By  Y.  L.  Lee. 


Price,  20  cants  each. 


